The Impact of Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability on the Livelihood of Smallholder Farmers in Central Ethiopia

Although most micro-level studies show the positive impact of adaptation on food security and household income, these are only a few outcomes is intended to achieve. Farmers’ livelihoods function in complex ways such that an understanding multidimensional outcome important. These necessitate use multiple indicators evaluation adaptation. Based data collected from 810 randomly selected households central Ethiopia, this study investigates impacts strategies sustainability farmers. The economic, social, environmental were integrated construct Livelihood Sustainability Index. endogenous switching regression model, which accounts for unobserved heterogeneity possible endogeneity, was used examine using strategies. With mean score 41, farmers had lower levels livelihood sustainability. Farmers crop type, diversifying crops, planting improved seeds, engaging land management activities, irrigation higher index compared counterfactual case they did not them. Non-farm employment migration significantly increased households. However, factors been by non-users, it would have resulted reduced more than four sustainable fewer findings affirm contributes improvement. since far achieving level livelihoods, policies shall focus maximizing returns be obtained This includes improving access ecosystem services through protection measures, increasing production efficiency proper utilization farm inputs, expanding facilities, creating decent opportunities, enhancing farmers’ skills entrepreneurial training.